belt and road initiative ias parliament

"Navigating Sino-Thai ‘rocky’ bilateral ties: The geopolitics of riverine trade in the Greater Mekong Subregion.” Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 38.5 (2020): 826–833. Harry G. Broadman "Afrika´s Silk Road" (2007), pp 59. Facilitate cultural exchange and integration 3. [89] There are also further contacts between Hamburg, Bremen and Trieste with regard to cooperation. The ongoing initiative is part of an intensifying campaign to mobilise high-level attendance at the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation (BRF), hosted by China in mid-May. Concrete projects (as well as their financing), which are to ensure the connection of the Mediterranean ports with the European hinterland, are decided among others at the annual China-Central-East-Europe summit, which was launched in 2012. There is also direct cooperation, for example between Trieste, Bettembourg and the Chinese province of Sichuan. "Understanding China’s ‘Belt and Road Initiative’: beyond ‘grand strategy’ to a state transformation analysis.". It is also about logistics promotion between the North Adriatic port and Shanghai or Guangdong. [94][unreliable source? What is the rationale? Zu welchem Preis? India may also face some difficult choices in the road ahead, because as a member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and a co-founder of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and (from June 2017) it will be asked to support many of the projects under the BRI. What is the rationale? [55] The initiative projects receive financial support from the Silk Road Fund and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank while they are technically coordinated by the B&R Summit Forum. A modern deep-water port, a satellite city, an airfield and an industrial area are being built in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. in the practices of China found the patterns of China's bank lending purposefully trap governments to gain strategic opportunities for China. According to China, simply waiving debtors’ obligations as some countries or organizations have called is not going to be effective as a solution. China’s trade war with the US, mounting criticism of its BRI, and growing division in its Political Bureau on handling these issues. The Chinese leadership was compelled to review the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) because of the following reasons. [54][55] The initiative has been contrasted with the two US-centric trading arrangements, the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. Ethan Masood: How China is redrawing the map of world science. To summarise it the ultimate objective of the OBOR will address the infrastructural gap and accelerate potential economic growth across the Asia Pacific regio… [71] As with the Silk Road Economic Belt initiative, most member countries have joined the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. P&O Ferrymasters Launches New Intermodal Services Linking Turkey To Rotterdam And Zeebrugge Hubs Via Trieste. "The Belt and Road is Overhyped, Commercially. Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018). Im Nikkei Asian Review 25 March 2019; Werner Balsen: Der neue Blick nach Europa – von Süden in DVZ, 10 July 2019; Alexandra Endres: Schifffahrt ist fürs Klima genau so schlimm wie Kohle, In: Die Zeit, 9 December 2019; Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? Furthermore, there is a strategic defensive factor: making sure a single country is not the single dominant factor in Asian economics. During the 2nd Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation (in April 2019), the Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition (BRIGC) was launched. The BRI is a giant connectivity initiative by China to revive the ancient Silk Road across Eurasia and Africa. [8] It would increase cultural exchanges and expand trade. From Hong Kong, the southern route reduces transport to Munich from 37 to 28 days. Belt and Road Initiative BRI Project | UPSC – IAS The Belt and Road Initiative is a global development strategy adopted by the Chinese government involving infrastructure development and investments in 152 countries and international organizations in Asia, … According to estimates in 2019, the land route of the Silk Road remains a niche project and the bulk of the Silk Road trade continues to be carried out by sea. [48] The bank began operation on 16 January 2016, and approved its first four loans in June. Many of the countries in this belt are also members of the China-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). The initiative was given intensive coverage by Chinese state media, and by 2016 had become often featured in the People's Daily. This concerns the networked nature of financial centers and the vital role of advanced business services (e.g. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI, or B&R), known in Chinese and formerly in English as One Belt One Road (Chinese: 一带一路) or OBOR for short, is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013 to invest in nearly 70 countries and international organizations. 8800338066/8800776445. Italy in Belt and Road Initiative Why in news? While some countries, especially in the West, view the project critically because of possible Chinese influence, others point to the creation of a new global growth engine by connecting and moving Asia, Europe and Africa closer together. The board of governors is AIIB's highest decision-making body. While direct train connections from China to Europe, such as from Chengdu to Vienna overland, are partially stagnating or discontinued, there are (as of 2019) new weekly rail connections between Wolfurt or Nuremberg and Trieste or between Trieste, Vienna and Linz on the maritime Silk Road. [80][81] This also applies to the logistics connections between Turkey and the free port of Trieste, which are important for the Silk Road, and from there by train to Rotterdam and Zeebrugge. 1. [68][69][70] It was first proposed in October 2013 by Xi Jinping in a speech to the Indonesian Parliament. To ask the Secretary of State for International Trade, what assessment he has made of the potential benefit to the UK construction sector of China's Belt and... Belt and Road Initiative: China:Written question - 268528 - UK Parliament Why BRI was formed? The Silk Road Fund would invest in businesses rather than lend money to the projects. [107] Overall, the belt and road plans to develop 1,600 coal plants in 62 countries. The maritime Silk Road runs with its links from the Chinese coast to the south via Hanoi to Jakarta, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur through the Strait of Malacca via the Sri Lankan Colombo opposite the southern tip of India via Malé, the capital of the Maldives, to the East African Mombasa, from there to Djibouti, then through the Red Sea over the Suez Canal into the Mediterranean, there via Haifa, Istanbul and Athens to the Upper Adriatic to the northern Italian junction of Trieste with its international free port and its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea. [8], The initiative was incorporated into the Constitution of the People's Republic of China in 2017. OBOR is China’s broadly sketched vision of how it plans to boost regional integration in its wider neighbourhood. [4] Moscow has been an early partner of China, and Russia and China now have altogether 150 common projects including natural gas pipelines and the Polar Silk Road. • The project intends to link Asia with Europe and Africa through an overland “belt” and a maritime silk “road”. At the micro-level, the focus is on understanding national cultures in their regional maritime milieu. Vision IAS Current Affairs ... from our website. [86], From 2025, the Brenner Base Tunnel will also link the upper Adriatic with southern Germany. Other nations with a similar risk of sovereignty slicing are Pakistan, Madagascar, Mongolia, Maldives, Kyrgyzstan Montenegro, Sri Lanka and Laos which are heavily in Chinese debt trap. [127] China's sovereignty slicing tactic dilutes the sovereignty of the target nations mainly using the debt trap, Beijing pressured a debt trapped Tajikistan to handover 1,158 km2 territory which still owes China US$1.2b out of total $2.9b debt. 2. [87] Furthermore, the Hamburg port logistics group HHLA invested in the logistics platform of the port of Trieste (PLT) in September 2020. Creation of a unified large market that makes use of both international and domestic markets. [58] Since the second Belt and Road Forum in 2019, BCIM has been dropped from the list of projects due to India's refusal to participate in the Belt and Road Initiative. Chinesen wollen im Hafen Triest investieren. To date, more than 130 countries have issued endorsements. For the U.S. Poland, the Baltic States, Northern Europe and Central Europe are also connected to the maritime Silk Road through many links and are thus logistically networked via the Adriatic ports and Piraeus to East Africa, India and China. [2][3] It is considered a centerpiece of Chinese Communist Party general secretary and paramount leader Xi Jinping's foreign policy,[4] who originally announced the strategy as the "Silk Road Economic Belt" during an official visit to Kazakhstan in September 2013. Porto off limits per le navi cinesi in TGR Veneto (RAI), 16 January 2020. ", Ito, Asei. [91][92], China COSCO Shipping Corp. has completed several trial trips on Arctic shipping routes, and Chinese and Russian companies are cooperating on oil and gas exploration in the area and to advance comprehensive collaboration on infrastructure construction, tourism and scientific expeditions. [5][6][7], "Belt" is short for the "Silk Road Economic Belt," referring to the proposed overland routes for road and rail transportation through landlocked Central Asia along the famed historical trade routes of the Western Regions; whereas "road" is short for the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road", referring to the Indo-Pacific sea routes through Southeast Asia to South Asia, the Middle East and Africa. With the Chinese investments of 60 billion dollars for Africa announced in September 2018, on the one hand sales markets are created and the local economy is promoted, and on the other hand African raw materials are made available for China. [113], In April 2019 and during the second Arab Forum on Reform and Development, China engaged in an array of partnerships called "Build the Belt and Road, Share Development and Prosperity" with 18 Arab countries. The wind power resources of central Asia would form one component of this grid. "The political economy of a rising China in Southeast Asia: Malaysia’s response to the Belt and Road Initiative.". [clarification needed][unreliable source? Cosco investiert wieder in große MPP-Flotte. [122] China's overseas development policy has been called[by whom?] Overall, the ship connections for container transports between Asia and Europe will be reorganized. [73][74], As part of its Silk Road strategy, China is participating in large areas of Africa in the construction and operation of train routes, roads, airports and industry. [104], Tabuchi indicates China's energy companies will make up nearly half of the new coal plant generation expected to go online in the next decade. Many leaders on the continent are demanding debt forgiveness, and The Economist forecasts a wave of defaults on these loans. "[9] The project has a target completion date of 2049,[10] which will coincide with the centennial anniversary of the People's Republic of China's founding. "Hafen Triest nun mit Bahnverbindung nach Nürnberg", Gerald Pohl: Neue Seidenstraße: China drängt es nach Europa. • But it is more than that as it involves: Apache/2.4.18 (Ubuntu) Server at www.iasparliament.com Port 80 [13][14][15], The initiative was unveiled by Chinese paramount leader Xi Jinping in September and October 2013 during visits to Kazakhstan and Indonesia. The Karot Hydropower Project, 50 km (31 mi) from Islamabad, Pakistan is the first project. The Belt and Road Initiative is believed by some analysts to be a way to extend Chinese economic and political influence. This steering committee reports directly into the State Council of the People's Republic of China and is composed of several political heavyweights, evidence of the importance of the program to the government. Accordingly, the port's annual handling capacity will be increased from 10,000 to 25,000 trains in Trieste (Trihub project) and a reciprocal platform to promote and handle trade between Europe and China will be created. in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020. These tensions surfaced in recent negotiations with Brussels that led to a [7] and was thereafter promoted by Premier Li Keqiang during state visits to Asia and Europe. [76] In Europe, China wants to continue investing in Portugal with its deep-water port in Sines, but especially in Italy and there at the Adriatic logistics hub around Trieste. [75], One of the Chinese bridgeheads in Europe is the port of Piraeus. The Philippines has adjusted its policy in favor of Chinese claims in the South China Sea under Philippines President Rodrigo Roa Duterte who expects support of his plans for massive infrastructure expansion. Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete With The Maritime Silk Road? hǎishàng sīchóu zhī lù, si-tiû-chi-lo͘ keng-chè-tài hô jī-si̍p-it sè-kí hái-siōng si-tiû-chi-lo͘, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), Accusations of neocolonialism and debt-trap. Andrea Rossini: Venezia, si incaglia la via della Seta. Frankfurt am Main 2017, S. 59; Chinesen wollen verstärkt im Hafen Triest investieren, In: Kleine Zeitung 16 May 2017; Marco Kauffmann Bossart: Chinas Seidenstrasse-Initiative bringt Griechenland Investitionen und Jobs. The G7 industrial country Italy has been a partner in the development of the project since March 2019. [95][96], The Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Economic Corridor (BCIM) was proposed to run from southern China to Myanmar and was initially officially classified as "closely related to the Belt and Road Initiative". Our website gives you Current Affairs in both Hindi and English language. Indo-Pacific Report June 2019", "CPEC route through Kashmir could create tension with India: UN report", "ISS Today: Lessons from Sri Lanka on China's 'debt-trap diplomacy, "Revisiting the Resurrected Debate About Chinese Neocolonialism". ", Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019): China's Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia, in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds), Winter, Tim. "China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Japan’s Response: from Non-participation to Conditional Engagement. Some observers and skeptics, mainly from non-participant countries, including the United States, interpret it as a plan for a sinocentric international trade network. Even countries such as the U.S. and Japan, which are not a part of the BRI but sent official delegations. [130][131], In 2018, the premier of the southeastern Australian state of Victoria, Daniel Andrews, signed a memorandum of understanding on the Belt and Road Initiative to establish infastructure ties and further relations with China. ", "What One Belt One Road means for Bangladesh", "The Geo-Economic Challenge of China's Belt and Road Initiative", "BRI Instead of OBOR – China Edits the English Name of its Most Ambitious International Project", "Australia rejects China push on Silk Road strategy", "China's Global Dreams Give Its Neighbors Nightmares", "China and Russia Want to Control the 'World Island, "Mapping the footprint of Belt and Road influence operations", "Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road", "AIIB Turns 3, Reflects on Startup Growth – News – AIIB", "Commentary: Silk Road Fund's 1st investment makes China's words into practice", Fitch warns on expected returns from One Belt, One Road, "Trade and trade facilitation along the Belt and Road Initiative corridors", "China to step up Russian debt financing", "Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Belt and Road", "CPEC investment pushed from $55b to $62b – The Express Tribune", "China's Xi in Pakistan to cement huge infrastructure projects, submarine sales", "With a new Chinese loan, CPEC is now worth $57bn", "Economic corridor: Chinese official sets record straight", "CPEC takes a step forward as violence surges in Balochistan", "Xi Jinping Calls For Regional Cooperation Via New Silk Road", "Integrating #Kazakhstan Nurly Zhol, China's Silk Road economic belt will benefit all, officials say", "Sri Lanka Supports China's Initiative of a 21st Century Maritime Silk Route", "China Pushes 'Maritime Silk Road' in South, Southeast Asia", "Reflections on Maritime Partnership: Building the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road", "Xi in call for building of new 'maritime silk road, Italy wants to invest in a faster train connection from Trieste to Venice. Some commentators have criticized India for not joining BRI: But diplomats based in India have counter-argued that: Geo-Political Challenges Posed by BRI to India: But no matter what the experts say, BRI definitely poses two geopolitical challenges: Your email address will not be published. The South belt runs from China through Southeast Asia and South Asia and on to the Indian Ocean through Pakistan. [135] BRI educational component implies mutual recognition of qualifications, academic mobility and student exchanges, coordination on education policy, life-long learning, and development of joint study programmes. [4] Critics use the term debt trap diplomacy to claim China intentionally extends excessive credit to a debtor country with the alleged intention of extracting economic or political concessions from the debtor country when it becomes unable to honor its debt obligations (often asset-based lending, with assets including infrastructure). The maritime Silk Road is also considered to be particularly attractive for trade because, in contrast to the land-based Silk Road leading through the sparsely populated Central Asia, there are on the one hand far more states on the way to Europe and on the other hand their markets, development opportunities and population numbers are far larger. [4], The Belt and Road Initiative is about improving the physical infrastructure through land corridors that roughly equate to the old Silk Road. The land route of the Silk Road also appears to remain a niche project in terms of transport volume in the future. [45] The BRI is considered a strategic element within the foreign policy of the People's Republic of China, and was incorporated into its constitution in 2017. Brautigam, D. (2020). Prime Minister Scott Morrison has new powers to veto or scrap agreements that state governments reach with foreign powers under laws that could stymie China’s Belt and Road Initiative in … [119][better source needed] The idea of debt trap diplomacy was created by an Indian Think Tank before being expanded on by papers by two Harvard Students, which gained media attention. Then Vice-Premier Zhang Gaoli, who was also a member of the 7-man Politburo Standing Committee, was named leader of the group, and Wang Huning, Wang Yang, Yang Jing, and Yang Jiechi named deputy leaders. "Trieste, ex Aquila venduta all'ungherese Adria Port", Matteo Bressan: Opportunities and challenges for BRI in Europe in Global Time, 2 April 2019; Andreas Deutsch: Verlagerungseffekte im containerbasierten Hinterlandverkehr (2014), p 143; Johnny Erling: Peking streckt die Hand nach italienischen Häfen aus, "Logistica, il colosso Duisport acquisisce il 15% delle quote dell'Interporto di Trieste". [129], While Italy and Greece have joined the Belt and Road Initiative, European leaders have voiced ambivalent opinions. Since 2017, India, the U.S. and other countries have raised many concerns over the project. "Chinese expanded perceptions of the region and its changing attitudes toward the Indo-Pacific: A hybrid vision of the institutionalization of the Indo-Pacific. [103] Glacier melting as a result of excess greenhouse gas emissions, endangered species preservation, desertification and soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and over farming, mining practices, water resource management, and air and water pollution as a result of poorly planned infrastructure projects are some of the ongoing concerns as they relate to Central Asian nations. It is also one of the largest investors in the project. [18] The gaping need for long term capital explains why many Asian and Eastern European heads of state "gladly expressed their interest to join this new international financial institution focusing solely on 'real assets' and infrastructure-driven economic growth". in World Cargo News, 17 December 2019. Italy is negotiating a preliminary deal to become a part of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). "Geocultural Power: China’s Belt and Road Initiative. "China's 'Debt Diplomacy' Is a Misnomer. What is the issue? Trade along the Silk Road could soon account for almost 40% of total world trade, with a large part being by sea. [111] In March 2015, Russia's First Deputy Prime Minister Igor Shuvalov asserted that "Russia should not view the Silk Road Economic Belt as a threat to its traditional, regional sphere of influence […] but as an opportunity for the Eurasian Economic Union". "[115] European Commission Chief Jean-Claude Juncker and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe signed an infrastructure agreement in Brussels in September 2019 to counter China's Belt and Road Initiative and link Europe and Asia to coordinate infrastructure, transport and digital projects. The land-based “Silk Road Economic Belt” (SREB) which consists of six land condors China’s trade war with the US, mounting criticism of its BRI, and growing division in its Political Bureau on handling these issues. Italy is negotiating a preliminary deal to become a part of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). [22][38] Some geopolitical analysts have couched the Belt and Road Initiative in the context of Halford Mackinder's heartland theory. Further towards the Mediterranean, the Teda Egypt special economic zone is being built near the Egyptian coastal town of Ain Suchna as a joint Chinese-Egyptian project. [19], The initial focus has been infrastructure investment, education, construction materials, railway and highway, automobile, real estate, power grid, and iron and steel. German chancellor Angela Merkel declared that the BRI "must lead to a certain reciprocity, and we are still wrangling over that bit". This article useful & describe very brief .. No extra facts. ", Jones, Lee, and Jinghan Zeng. In March 2019, the China Communications Construction Company (CCCC) signed agreements to promote the ports of Trieste and Genoa. The new partners signed a Memorandum of Understanding worth €2.5 billion across an array of sectors such as transport, logistics and port infrastructure. ", Shah, Abdur Rehman. [35][36] However, "One Belt One Road" is still the reference term in Chinese-language media.[37]. [77], The international free zone of Trieste provides in particular special areas for storage, handling and processing as well as transit zones for goods. The Belt and Road Initiative, also known as the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) project was launched by the Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013. Italy is facing difficulties in balancing its growth targets with the EU’s stringent fiscal norms. By James Laurenceson and Elena Collinson. These new coal plants would make it virtually impossible to meet the goals set in the Paris climate accord, which aims to keep the increase in global temperatures from preindustrial levels below 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit. [138], The University Alliance of the Silk Road centered at Xi'an Jiaotong University aims to support the Belt and Road initiative with research and engineering, and to foster understanding and academic exchange. India can work with nations like Japan in developing regional connectivity. Tanzania President terms China's BRI port project exploitative, "China is thinking twice about lending to Africa", Wider connotations of Chinese ‘salami slicing’, "Japan and the EU sign infrastructure deal to rival China's Belt and Road", "Japan and EU ink infrastructure cooperation pact in counter to China's Belt and Road", "Memorandum of Understanding between the state of Victoria in Australia and the People's Republic of China", "China's belt and road initiative: what is it and why is Victoria under fire for its involvement? In particular, there are many land-based links such as the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Corridor (BCIM). China, Russia to build ‘Ice Silk Road’ along Northern Sea Route, "Cold Ambition: The New Geopolitical Faultline", "The XVI International conference "Development of a Shelf Russian Federation and CIS-2019" will open on May 17, 2019 in Moscow", "Russia and China started global infrastructure project Ice Silk Road", "China plans super-grid for clean power in Asia", "China's Ambitious Plan to Build the World's Biggest Supergrid", "China drops BCIM from BRI projects' list", "B&R interconnection witnesses great breakthroughs in 5-year development-Belt and Road Portal", "China's BRI negatively impacting the environment", "China's Belt and Road Initiative Could Drive Warming to 2.7 Degrees", "As Beijing Joins Climate Fight, Chinese Companies Build Coal Plants", "Belt and Road forum: China's 'project of the century' hits tough times", "Moving the Green Belt and Road Initiative: From Words to Actions", "The Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition", "China's Belt and Road urged to take green route", "China notes Africa's key BRI role ahead of forum in Beijing", "Is Italy playing with fire when it comes to China? It would be really great if you guys will post it before 12:00PM. [21][22] The project builds on the old trade routes that once connected China to the west, Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta's routes in the north and the maritime expedition routes of Ming dynasty admiral Zheng He in the south. [51], It has been suggested by some scholars that critical discussions about an evolving BRI and its financing needs transcend the "debt-trap" meme. Triest – Ein Welthafen für Bayern, In: Bayrische Staatszeitung 30 November 2018; Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018), p 112; Bruno Macaes: China’s Italian advance threatens EU unity. Belt and Road Initiative Research Cluster Xi Jinping unveiled the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013 as China’s massive infrastructural development initiative to establish a vast network of road, rail and sea links connecting China with the neighbouring Central Asian states, Pakistan, the Gulf and Middle Eastern region, East Africa, and finally also with Europe. Therefore, in the Mediterranean area, where the economic zone of the blue banana meets functioning railroad connections and deep-water ports, there are significant growth zones. ", "China unveils action plan on Belt and Road Initiative", "CrowdReviews Partnered with Strategic Marketing & Exhibitions to Announce: One Belt, One Road Forum", "Explained: What is the Blue Dot network, on the table during Trump visit to India", "What is the Blue Dot Network and is it really the West's response to China's Belt and Road project? Henning Vöpel, Director of the Hamburg World Economic Institute, recognizes that the North Range (i.e. "The Unintended Consequences of Politicization of the Belt and Road’s China-Europe Freight Train Initiative. [116] At the beginning of June 2019, there has been a redefinition of the general definitions of "free" and "open" into four stated principles – respect for sovereignty and independence; peaceful resolution of disputes; free, fair, and reciprocal trade; and adherence to international rules and norms. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung 12 July 2018. Phone No. China has faced calls from countries in Asia and Africa to. Your email address will not be published. A focus on Trieste. Recently, China hinted at a shift in pursuing its signature Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) amid growing concerns about debt repayments from many partner countries due to COVID-19 pandemic. [136][137] To this end, Xi Jinping announced plan to allocate funds for additional 30000 scholarships for SCO citizens and 10000 scholarships for the students and teachers along the Road. If any of the debtors encounter difficulties to pay on time, there may be tailored plans including rescheduling or China increasing funding to help related projects resume operation and return profits and suggested repayments could be solved “. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a development strategy to build a trade, investment, and infrastructure network connecting three continents – Asia, Africa, and Europe along the ancient trade routes. Bernhard Simon: Die natürlichen Grenzen der Neuen Seidenstraße. Due to the attractiveness of this now subsidized sea route and the related investments, there have been major shifts in the logistics chains of the shipping sector in recent years. 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